Student loans in the United Kingdom

Student loans in the united kingdomBritish undergraduate and PGCE students can apply for a loan through their local education authority (LEA) in England and Wales, the Student Awards Agency for Scotland (SAAS), or their local education and library board in Northern Ireland. The LEA, SAAS, or education and library board then assesses the application and determines the amount that the student is eligible to borrow, as well as how much tuition fees, if any, the students' parents must pay. The family's income; whether the student will be living at home, away from home, or in London; disabilities; and other factors are taken into account. 75% of the full loan (around £3,000) is available to all students in England and Wales, with only the final 25% being means-tested (taking the total available up to as much as £4,000).

There is also extra money (currently roughly another £1,000) if you go to university in London, where it is deemed the extra cost of living necessitates a higher loan. Scotland has a slightly different assessment method where more of the loan is means-tested with a minimum loan of only £840. However much you get, it is paid in three installments during each year of the student's course (one per term). Special rules apply for some courses and for part-time courses.

Loans are provided by the Student Loans Company and do not have to be repaid until students have completed their course and are earning £15,000 a year (£10,000 until April 2005). The interest rate is updated annually and is tied to inflation (currently 3.1%), making the loan interest-free in real terms. The loan is normally repaid using the PAYE system, with 9% of the graduate's gross salary over £15,000 automatically being deducted to pay back the loan.

There is no particular schedule for clearing the debt, but, if it has not been cleared 25 years after repayment began, or the student turns 65 years old, the remaining debt will be cancelled. For students beginning courses before 1998, the arrangements for repaying and deferring are different. Although Scottish students have their tuition fees covered by the SAAS during their time of study, much of this is actually repaid in a Graduate Endowment.

The Higher Education Act 2004 will make significant changes to the loans system in England, Wales and Northern Ireland from 2006. Upfront tuition fees will be abolished, with the fee being added to students' loans for them to pay back after their course is finished. However, instead of the tuition fee being fixed at around £1,150 for all universities (which, due to means-testing, not all have to pay), universities will be able to charge variable fees of up to £3,000. For students who have already started their courses and, as such, are still paying the upfront fees, can now add these fees to their loans if they want.

Critics claim these top-up fees will create tiers of "expensive" and "cheap" universities and make university financially inaccessible to many students. As a result, there have been national demonstrations and protests by students' unions.